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Heart disease includes numerous problems, many of which are related to a process called atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis is a condition that develops when a substance called plaque builds up in the walls of the arteries. This buildup narrows the arteries, making it harder for blood to flow through. If a blood clot forms, it can block the blood flow. This can cause a heart attack or stroke.

A heart attack occurs when the blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked by a blood clot. If this clot cuts off the blood flow completely, the part of the heart muscle supplied by that artery begins to die.

Most people survive their first heart attack and return to their normal lives, enjoying many more years of productive activity. But experiencing a heart attack does mean that you need to make some changes.

The medications and lifestyle changes that your doctor recommends may vary according to how badly your heart was damaged, and to what degree of heart disease caused the heart attack.

Heart failure means the heart isn’t pumping blood as well as it should. Heart failure does not mean that the heart stops beating. Instead, the heart keeps working, but the body’s need for blood and oxygen isn’t being met.

Heart failure can get worse if left untreated. It is a serious condition, and usually there’s no cure. But many people with heart failure lead a full, enjoyable life when the condition is managed with heart failure medications and healthy lifestyle changes.

Arrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm. There are various types of arrhythmias. The heart can beat too slow, too fast, or irregularly. An arrhythmia can affect how well your heart works. With an irregular heartbeat, your heart may not be able to pump enough blood to meet your body’s needs.

When heart valves don’t open enough to allow blood to flow through properly, a condition called stenosis results. When the heart valves don’t close properly and allow blood to leak through, it’s called regurgitation. If the valve leaflets bulge or prolapse back into the upper chamber, it’s a condition called prolapse.

is a medical condition that occurs when the pressure of the blood in your arteries and other blood vessels is too high. If not controlled, high blood pressure can affect your heart and other major organs, including your kidneys and brain. It is a major risk factor for heart disease.

You can lower your blood pressure with lifestyle changes or medication to reduce your risk of heart disease and heart attack.

is a waxy, fat-like substance made by the liver or found in certain foods. Your liver produces enough for your body’s needs, but we often get additional cholesterol from the foods we eat.

If we take in more cholesterol than the body can use, the extra can build up in the walls of the arteries, including those of the heart. This leads to narrowing of the arteries and can reduce blood flow to the heart, brain, kidneys, and other parts of the body.

causes sugar to build up in the blood. Adults with diabetes have a higher risk of death from heart disease than those without diabetes. Talk with your doctor about ways to prevent or manage diabetes and control other risk factors.

increases the risk for heart disease and heart attack. Cigarette smoking can damage the heart and blood vessels, raising your risk for conditions such as atherosclerosis and heart attack. Nicotine raises blood pressure, and carbon monoxide from cigarette smoke reduces the amount of oxygen your blood can carry. Exposure to secondhand smoke can also increase the risk for heart disease, even for nonsmokers.

A healthy lifestyle is the foundation for heart health. You can make healthy choices such as:

• Eating a diet that includes a variety of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean poultry, fish, and low-fat dairy products.
• Getting regular physical activity.
• Finding healthy ways to cope with stress, such as physical activity, hobbies, or meditation.
• Getting regular check-ups to monitor your risk factors.
• If you’ve been diagnosed with heart disease, follow your treatment plan. Make the lifestyle changes your doctor recommends and stay on your medications.